Detonation meter



Dec. 6, 1966 P. E. KAHLER DETONATION METER 6 Sheets-Sheet 1 Filed Dec.

lww

w ...El

INVENTOR.

P. E. KAHLER \mm www A TTORNE V5 Dec. 6, 1966 P. E. KAHLER 3,289,461

DETONATION METER P. E. KAHLER A TTOPNE V5 Dec. 6, 1966 P. E. KAHLER 3,289,461

DETONATION METER A T TOP/VE V5 P. E. KAHLER DETONATION METER Dec. 6, 1966 6 Sheets-Sheet 4 Filed Dec.

Wav OOON l 00m @n O OOONlOON I O O d' N SNIGVBB HBLEIWHOONX s @Px mau OOONIOO.`

mau OOON I Om- O *I* DNICIVBB HBLBWNOONN O O *f N QNIGVEH HBLEWHOONN IN VEN TOR.

P. E, KAHLER f ATTORNEYS Dec. 6, 1966 P. E. KAHLER 3,289,461

DETONATION METER Filed Dec. 5, 1963 6 Sheets-Sheet 5 BY wl/M A T TORNE VS 6 Sheets-Sheet 6 Filed Dec.

IOO

IDO.

HBEWHN EINVLDO WVENTOR,

P. E, KAHLER BY l. t if i A TTOR/VE YS tion meter.

United States, Patent O 3,289,461 DETONATION METER Paul E. Kahler, Bartlesville, Ghia., assignor to Phillips Petroleum Company, a corporation of Delaware Filed Dec. 5, 1963, Ser. No. 328,367 3 Claims. (Cl. 73--35) 'Ilhis invention relates to detonation meters for use with internal combustion engines. In one aspect the invention relates to improved method and means for measuring detonation of fuels of 100 octane or more.

In D. R. de Boisblanc, U.S. Patent 2,633,738, issued April 7, 1953, there is disclosed a detonation meter comprising a pickup for converting pressure variations in a cylinder into electrical currents, a lter for attenuating undesired noise components such as those due to valve chatter, :an amplifier, and a threshold device for rejecting components in the filtered amplified current of less than a predetermined magnitude. The output of the threshold device consists of voltage waves representative of detonations in the engine cylinder. These voltage Waves are amplified and fed to a irst pulse generating circuit which transforms each wavel into a first exponential pulse which decays exponentially from the peak value of the corresponding voltage wave, and thence to a second pulse generating -circuit which transforms the successive exponential pulses into second exponential pulses whose rate of decay is relatively small compared to the first pulses. The output of the second generator is then integrated and fed to a vacuum tube voltmeter which indicates the average intensity of knocking over a preselected period.

Two recognized and undesirable operating problems are known to exist in the present ASTM Research method which utilizes the De Boisblanc detonation meter. Both detract from the rating precision of motor fuels, primarily in the range above 100 octane number. One of these problems is the so-called knockless-knock rating. A knockless-knock rating can be obtained when an attempt is made to rate a fuel with a light knock intensity. Under these conditions the maximum knoc-lcmeter reading occurs at a very rioh fuel-air ratio where the combustion pulse is considerably stronger than the detonation si-gnal is at the leaner fuel-air ratio where knock is at a maximum. In sorne instances, knock has completely disappeared at this rich mixture setting of the carburetor. A second factor which can seriously affect rating precision is surface ignition which in contrast to the knockless knock problem occurs at la higher rather than a low knock intensity. Whenever surface ignition occurs, the signal from the pickup is increased, thereby increasing the knockmeter reading. Surface ignition generally occurs with the primary bracketing reference fuels first, which, in turn, results in high ratings from the test fuel. Mild surface ignition can be so elusive that it may even go undetected by the engine operator.

In accordance with the present invention it has been discovered that these difliculties can be substantially reduced by utilizing a SOO-200() c.p.s. band pass ilter instead of the -2500 c.p.s. filter presently employed in the detona- Also in accordance with the invention it has een discovered that the reproducibility of the ratings on `fuels both above and below 100 octane number can be ice substantially improved through the utilization of a dual ignition system in combination with `a 50i[t2000` c.p.s. band pass filter.

Accordingly, it is an object of the invention to provide` an improveddetonation meter. Another object of the invention is to provide a detonation meter having increased ,accuracy for fuels` of over` 10() octane. A still further object of the invention is the provision of means w'hich can be utilized with existing detonation meters to increase the accuracy of the readings of the. detonation meters for fuels having an octane rating :of or hilgiher without requiring extensive modification of the existing detonation meters. Yet another object of the invention is to provide a simple andinexpensive means which can be utilized in combination with existing detonation meters to improve the detonation readings` for high octane fuels. Another object of the invention is the provision ofan im proved method for measuring detonation.4

Other objects,` aspects and advantagesof the invention will be apparent from a study ofthe disclosure, the drawings and the appended claims to the invention.

In the drawings FIGURE 1 is a block diagram of a detonation meter in accordance with the invention;

FIGURE 2 isa graphirepresenting` a typical waveform of the output of the pickup of a conventional detonation meter for a fuel having anoctanerating of less than 100;

FIGURE 3 is a graph representing the waveform of FIGURE 2 which has been `iiltered to attenuate undesired noise components;

FIGURE 4 is a graph representing the output of the threshold device for the waveform of FIG-URE 3;

FIGURE 5 is a graph representing a waveform of the output of the pickup of a conventional detonation meter under light knock condition for a fuel having an octane rating of greater than 100;

FIGURE 6 is aV graph representing` the waveform of FIGURE 5 which has been filtered to attenuate undesired noise components;

FIGURE 7 is a graph representing the output of the threshold device for the waveform of FIGURE 6;

FIGURE 8 is a graph representing a waveform of the output of the pickup of a conventional detonation meter under heavy knock conditions for a fuel having an octane rating of greater than 100;

FIGURE 9 is a graph representing 4a waveform of the output of the pickup of a detonation meter utilizing dual ignition under heavy knock conditions for a fuel having an octane rating of greater than 100;

FIGURES 10 through 1'7 are graphical representations of the relationship between knockmeter reading and fuel/ air ratio for various, bandpass filters;

FIGURE 18 is a graph representing the waveform of any of FIGURES 2, 5, 8 or 9 which has been passed through a 50G-2000 c.p.s. handpass filter in accordance with the invention;

FIGURE 19 is a graphical representation of guide curves for the Research method for fuels having an octane number of over 100;

FIGURE 2()i is a plan view of a four-hole cylinder for dual ignition;

FIGURE 21 is a plan view of another arrangement of a four-hole cylinder for dual ignition; and

FIGURE 22 is a graphical representation of guide curves for Research method for dual ignition.

Referring now to FIGURE 1 of |the drawings there is shown a pickup l for converting pressure variations in a cylinder 9 of an internal combustion engine into an electrical signal. Such pickups are well known in the art, and hence, no detailed description thereof is believed necessary. Preferably a magnetostrictive type of pickup, such as that shown in Eldridge patent 2,269,760 is utilized. A typical waveform of the output of pickup 10 whenV connected to a cylinder utilizing a single spark plug and for a'fuel having an octane rating of less than 100 is illustrated in FIGURE 2 and comprises a main pressure wave 11 representative of the pressure variations caused by' normal conibustion` in the cylinder, pulses 12 and 13 representing the opening and closing of the exhaust valves, pulse 14 representing the operation of the int-ake valve, pulse 15 representing the ignition of the charge in the cylinder, and pulse 16 representing detonation or knocking in the cylinder.

It will be understood that when the engine is operating normally without knocking, the fuel in the cylinder is ignited and the ignition zone spreads uniformally through the cylinder, as indicated by main pressure wave 11. However, vwhen knocking occurs there is a sudden explosion or detonation in the cylinder and this detonation produces sudden pressure variations of considerable magnitde, thereby producing voltage variations in the pickup which are distributed over a wide frequency spectrum. A typical waveform of the output of pickup 10 for a single ignition and a fuel having an octane greater than 100 is illustrated in FIGURE 5. A comparison of FIG- URES 2 and 5 readily reveals that the detonation pulse 16 in FIGURE 2 is superimposed upon the main pressure wave 11 in the area of the crest or peak thereof, whereas in FIGURE 5 the detonation pulse 16 is superimposed on thel main pressure wave 11 but occurs at a time subsequent to the time of occurrence ofthe peak of main pressure wave 11 to the extent that the maximum amplitude occurringduring tlie detonation is less than the maxi- I'num amplitude of the main pressure wave 11.

The otpu't of pickup device 10 is applied to the input of filter 21. In a conventional detonation meter filter 21 is generally constructed to pass frequencies below a value in the' rang/e of 2000 to 4000 cycles per second and to attenuate .or substantially eliminate higher frequencies. For' such =a conventional detonation meter, the output of filter 21 corresponding to the waveform of FIGURE 2 is illustrated in FIGURE 3. It will be noted that the fiai'n voltage wave 22 corresponding to main pressure waive vv11 is substantially unaffected by passage through filter 21 and has substantially lthe same shape as main pressure w'ave 11. However, the voltage pulses 12, 13,

14 and 15 are attenuated by filter 21 and appear respectively as pulses 23, 24, 25 and 26 in the filtered wave. The high frequency components of detonation pulse 16 are `attenuated in filter 21 producing pulse 27. However, as filter 21 does not affect the relative time displacement between the high and low frequency components to any appreciable extent the detonation pulse 27 is still riding on the crest of main pressure wave 22.

In a conventional detonation meter, the output of filter 21 corresponding to the wave form of FIGURE 5 is illustrated in FIGURE 6. Again the filtered main pressure wave 22 is substantially unaffected by passage through filter 21 and has substantially the same shape as main pressure wave 11. Also noise components 12, 13, 14 and 15 have been attenuated by passage through filter 21 and are represented in FIGURE 6 by pulses 23, 24, 25 and 26, respectively. The detonation pulse 16 is attenuated to the extent of the reduction or elimination of a portion of high frequency components thereof in its passage through iilter 21 and appears as pulse 27 in FIG- URE 6. It will be noted that the relationship between the peak of main pressure wave 22 and detonation pulse 27 is unaffected by passage through filter 21 and that the maximum amplitude of the detonation pulse 27 in A, FIGURE 6 is still less than the amplitude of the peak'. of` main pressure wave 22.

The output of filter 21 is fed to an amplifier 30 which'. increases the amplitude of the various voltage components but does not change their wave form appreciably.. The amplified signal is then fed to the input of threshold device 31 which eliminates all voltage components of less'y than a predetermined amplitude. Thus for the wave: form of FIGURE 3, threshold device 31 would pass only/ those amplified voltages corresponding to yan input voltage to amplifier 30 greater than the level indicated byf line 32, thus producing an output represented by pulse: 33 in FIGURE 4. The problem of the time displace ment between the detonation pulse and the peak of the: main pressure wave for a fuel having an octane rating: of greater than encountered -by a conventional detonation converter meter is illustrated in FIGURE 6. If' threshold device 31 is set to pass only amplified voltages-1 corresponding to an input voltage to amplifier 30 greater' than the value of the peak of the main pressure wave: 22, las indicated by line 33, the output of the thresh old circuit would be zero, indicating a condition of not knock. If the threshold value for the unamplified sig nal is lowered sufficiently to pass the detonation pulse as-l indicated -by line 34, the output of threshold device 31"v would comprise both the detonation pulse and a portion; of the main pressure wave as indicated by pulses 35 and 36, respectively, in FIGURE 7.

The time displacement problem still exists, althoughA to a lesser extent, where the engine is operated on a fuel` having an octane greater than 100 and under heavy knocking conditions. FIGURE 8 illustrates the output of pickup device 10 under such conditions. Although the peak: of detonation pulse 16 in FIGURE 8 is greater than themaximum amplitude of combustion pulse 11, the cutoff` requirements permits the utilization of only a fraction ofi the detonation pulse. Similar problems have been en countered when utilizing dual ignition, that is two spark; plugs 7 and 8 in cylinder 9. FIGURE 9 illustrates the output of pickup device 10 for a dual ignition cylinderl operating under the heavy knocking conditions and the; fuel utilized for FIGURE 8. The dual ignition can in crease the magnitude of the main combustion wave 11 to the extent that the maximum amplitude of wave 11 be comes greater than the peak of detonation pulse 16.Y Thus the waveform of FIGURE 9 encounters the same; difficulties as the waveform of FIGURE 5.

Where the amplitude of the detonation pulse 27 is suffi-- ciently greater than wave 22 to permit the utilization of threshold level 32, the output of threshold circuit 31,` which is a series of voltage waves each having an am plitude proportional to the peak intensity of the detonationpulse corresponding thereto, is applied to the input of' amplifier 38. The amplified pulses are then applied to the: input of first pulse generator 39 wherein they are transformed into spaced exponential pulses having amplitudes: proportional to the respective peak detonation intensities., These exponential pulses are applied to the input of second pulse generator 41 wherein the spaced pulses are converted into over-lapping pulses of longer duration, due to the substantially higher time constant of the pulsing circuit of generator 41 as compared to that of generator 39. The output of second pulse generator 41 has a crest of generally saw-toothed configuration, the peak of each tooth having an amplitude proportional to the peak intensity of the corresponding detonation pulse, and is applied to the input of integrator 42 wherein a smooth steady voltage is produced which is proportional to the average peak detonation intensity indicated by a series or plurality of voltage waves produced by successive detonations in the cylinder. The output of integrator 42 is applied to the input of vacuum tube volt meter 43. Amplifier 30, threshold 31, amplifier 38, first pulse generator 39, integrator 42 and volt meter 43 can be any suitable devices known in the art, such as those set forth in U.S. Patent 2,633,738, the description of which is incorporated herein by reference.

To illustrate the effects of the main combustion pressure wave on the detonation meter for fuels having an octane value greater than 100, the relationship between detonation meter reading and fuel/ air ratio for various frequency bands is graphically presented in FIGURES 1017. Each curve was obtained under the same conditions of light knock and using a 113.7 octane number toluene blend (74 volume percent toluene and 26 volume percent iso octane). The dashed section of each curve is representative of the output of the detonatioii meter in the absence of actual knock, as determined by an oscilloscope. The solid section of each curve is representative of the output of the detonation meter during actual knocking conditions. Curve 51 in FIGURE 10 is representative of the condition which exists when a knockless knock rating is obtained with a conventional detonation meter as the frequency band of 20-2000 c.p.s. approximates that of the conventional meter. It can be noted that the peak detonation meter reading is occurring at a false rich mixture setting of the carburetor where knock is so light it can be detected only by an oscilloscope and the detonation meter reading is the result of the much stronger combustion signal. As can be noted from FIGURES 10-17, the maximum meter reading moves into the harder knocking and more accurate, leaner fuel-air ratio range as more and more of the lower frequencies are eliminated. The elimination of the frequencies in the -200 c.p.s. range, as illustrated in FIGURE 15, also substantially eliminates the problem of knockless-kiiock and provides a sharp peak. By the time the frequency band of 00-2000 c.p.s. is reached, as shown 6 consuming. The output of the 500-2000 e.p.s. bandpass filter for the pickup output corresponding to the waveform of any of FIGURES 2, 5, 8 or 9 is illustrated in FIGURE 18 (Sheet 2).

The SOO-2000 c.p.s. bandpass filter permits the utilization of lower knock intensities. To establish a guide curve of lighter knock intensity in the range above 100 octane number, a number of engines were allowed to track their own guide curve. This was done by setting each engine on the present guide curve at 100 octane number and then adjusting the meter for a knockmeter reading of 55. Without further adjustment of the meter controls, the compression ratio was adjusted for a knockmeter reading of each time a reference fuel was changed to obtain another guide curve point. The resulting guide curve is plotted in FIGURE 19 (Sheet 2) as curve 61. Standard curve 62, developed by ASTM, is shown for comparative purposes. A group of coded fuels above 100 octane number were selected to be rated using four differ ent operators and four different Research engines. In each run by a given operator on a given engine the fuels were rated as unknowns using a standard detonation meter and again rating the fuels as unknown using a detonation meter with a 500-2000 c.p.s. bandpass filter. Before rating the engine was tuned, if necessary, so that a toluene standardization fuel blend of 108.0 octane number rated correctly. The term tuning refers to a method, approved by ASTM for use with Research methods, whereby the intake air temperature is adjusted until a calibrated standardization fuel blend rates correctly. Tuning is permitted if the initial rating, before tuning, is within certain allowable limits. The results of this Work is set forth in FIGURE 17, the maximum meter reading 1s occurring in Table I.

TABLE I Modified Meter l Std. Meter 2 Std. Fuel Description Res. Research Ratings Avg. Rating Avg. Rating Method Data Darla Calib Rating Run Run Run Run Run Run Run Run Run Run Avg. Std. Avg. Std. #l #5 #6 #7 #8 #9 #10 Rating Dev Rating Dev.

108.0 Toluene Blend 3 108.0 108. 3 108. 6 107. 4 5 108.1 108. 5 106. 5 5 108. 0 5 108.1 5 108. 0 108.0 Toluene Blend 4 108. 0 108. 0 108. O 108. 1 108.1 108. 0 Chang-a in IAT for Tuning, F +8 +10 -8 0 |7 -27 O 0 RMFDll-l 104. 6 104. 9 104. 9 104. 6 104. 4 104. 7 104. (i 104. 4 104. 8 104. 6 100.1 Toluene Blend. 106. 1 105. (i 105. 5 105. 3 105. 0 105. 4 105. 7 105. 5 106. 0 105. 8 115/145 Avgas 106. 1 105. 7 105.7 105. 4 106. 3 105. 3 105.6 105. 4 106. 4 105. 8 113.7 Toluene Blend. 113. 7 113. 4 113. 3 113. 9 113. 7 113. 7 112, 8 114. 0 113. 3 113. 7 50% DIB -j- .50% Cs. 106. 0 105. 8 10G. 7 105. 5 100. 2 105. 5 105. 8 105. 9 106. 5 106. 7 Engine N umher- #2 #2 #4 #4 #6 #G #7 #7 #7 O per ator Number-.. #l #S #2 #4 #2 #3 #1 #4 #3 Average Standard Deviation... 0.332 0. 426

1 50042.000 e. .s. filter band with guide curve 61. 2 Standard uide Curve 62. 3 Untuned Rating.

at the leaner fuel-air ratio, and the meter readings at the richer fuel-air ratios have dropped to zero. The sharp peak of the curve of FIGURE 17 also indicates that the elimination. of the lower frequencies increases engine knock sensitivity to change in fuel-air ratio, thereby mak- 4 Tuned Rating. 5 No Tuning Required. Phillips Calibrated Rating.

ing the determination of the maximum reading less time c.p.s. bandpass filter.

The utilization of dual ignition for rating fuels having an octane number less than 100 has resulted in improved cycle to cycle repeatability. However, the utilization of dual ignition for rating fuels having an octane number greater than 100 had not previously been feasible as the output of the pickup had the waveform illustrated in FIGURE 9. This is the result of the dual ignition greatly increasing the amplitude of the combustion pulse relative to the detonation pulse. However, this problem is eliminated through the utilization of a bandpass lter to exclude frequencies in the -500 c.p.s. range.

To exemplify the advantages of the combinattion of dual ignition and a 50G-2000 c.p.'s. bandpass lter, several runs were made. For the dual ignition runs, as shown in FIGURE 20, spark plug S was placed in the regular spark plug hole of a single cylinder internal combustion engine While spark plug 7 was placed in the upper hole. Pickup 10 was placed in the left side hole while the right side hole Was plugged. Spark plugs 7 and 8 were actuated to substantially simultaneously ignite the combustible material in the cylinder at the two spaced points or locations of the spark plugs. A constant knock intensity, as indicated by constant voltage on the scope after the filter, was utilized to develop the guide curves. The voltage level was so selected as to give an audible knock intensity between the present Research and Motor methods but on the Research side of the mid-point. A 'constant spark advance of 17" was used in view of the operation advantages over the standard variable advance. The resulting guide curve data is set forth in Table II.

TABLE II.-D UAL IGNITION GUIDE CURVE Dual Ignition 1 Motor Method Conditions Except Modified Knockineter Using Constant Spark Advance of 17 500-2,000 Band Pass Filter Octane Micro. Octane Micro. Octane Micro. Number Setting Number Setting Number Setting The ratings using both single and dual ignition for the standardization fuels and test fuels are set forth in Table III.

TABLE IIL-MOTOR METHOD 1 RATINGS USING DUAL IGNITION AND MODIFIED METER (50G-2,000 FILTER) Std Dual Ignition and Modified Meter (G-2,000) Motor Method 1 Ratings Motor Fuel Method Individual Ratings Calib. Rating Run #l Run #2 Run #3 Run #4 Run #5 Run #6 Run #7 Run #8 Run #9 Run #10 74% Toluene -l- 14% iCa 2 o nCz 91. 7 91.3 91. 4 91.5 91. 4 91.3 9.12 91.4 91.5 .4

74% Toluene 14% iCg 3 12% nC1 93. 1 93.0 93. 2 92.8 92.9 92.8 93.0 93.0 93. 0 93, 2 RMFD 111-61 87. 9 86. 5 86.4 88. 1 87. 8 86. G 86. 6 86. 9 86. 7 86. 7 86. 2 Light Alkylate (Clear) b 90. 5 90. 2 90. 0 90. Z 90. 4 90. 0 90. 2 90. 1 90. 2 90. 3 90. 2 74% Toluene -1- 18% iCa 8% nC7 95. 1 97. 6 97.3 97. 2 97. 0 97.4 97. 1 97. 2 97. 8 97.5 97. 8 50% DIB 50% iCa 2.5 ml.

TEL/Gal b 95.0 93. 7 93.7 94.7 94. 2 94. 2 94.1 94. 2 94. 0 93.6 94. 5 Operator Number 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 1 2 Engine Number 0 0 1 1 3 3 3 3 5 5 Cylinder Number 165 165 166 166 165 165 166 166 166 165 Dual Ignition and Modified Meter (500-2,000) Other Motor Method Data-Average Motor Method 1 Ratings Rating Data Average Rating 500-2,000 Meter Fuel Individual Ratings Data Std. Method 11i-Intensity Guide Curve Run Run Run Avg. Std. Avg. Std. Avg. Std. #11 #12 #13 Rating Dev. Rating Dev Rating Dev.

74% Toluene-144% i052 +12% nC7-. 91.6 91.4 74% Toluene-514% i053 +12% nC 93. 3 93. 0 RMFD 111-61- 86.2 87. 1 Light Alkylate (Cle 90.0 90. 1 74% Toluene-F18 0 iCs -ia e 98. 5 97. 5 50% DIB +50% iCe +25 nil. TEL 93.7 94. 4 Operator Number 1 1 Engine Number- 5 7 Cylinder No 165 166 Average Standard Deviation for Fuels Below Octane 0.326 0.414 0349 See footnotes at end of table,

TABLE IIL-MOTOR METHOD 1 RATINGS USING DUAL IGNITION AND MODIFIED METE (50G-2,000 FILTER)-Continued Nti. Dual Ignition and Modified Meter (50o-2,000) Motor Method 1 Ratings-Individual Ratings o or Fuel Method Calib. Rating Run #14 Run #15 Run #16 Run #17 Run #18 Run #19 Run #20 Run #21 Run #22 Run #23 25% Toluene-l-75% 1GB 2|1.0

ml. TE 104. 103. 9 103. 8 104. 1 104. 3 103. 9 103. 9 103. 6 104. 2 Toluene+75% iCa 3|1.0

ml. TEL 104. 6 104. 6 104. 9 104. 8 104. 7 104. 8 104. 6 104. 6 104. 8 104. 7 25% DIB +75% 10H-4.0 m1. j

TEL b 102. 6 103. 0 102. 9 103. 0 103. 2 103. 0 102. 8 102. 8 103. 1 102. 9 102. 9 90% Tolueue+10% iCg. 103. 3 108. 6 107. 7 107. S 107. 4 108. 1 107. 9 108. 1 107. 6 108. 0 108. 4 115/145 Avgas 104. 8 106. 5 106. 3 106. 7 107. 0 106` 6 106. 7 106` 8 106. 0 106. 4 106. 5 25% Toluenel-75% iCa+2-0 ml.

TEL 107. 2 107. 4 107. 3 107. 1 106. 7 107. 3 106. 5 106. 3 106. 6 106. 8 Operator Number 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 l 1 2 Engine Number. 0 0 1 1 3 3 3 3 5 5 Cylinder Nurnbe 165 165 106 166 165 165 166 166 166 165 Other Motor Method Data Average Rating Data Fuel Average Rating G-2,000 Meter Individual Ratings Data Std. Method 11i-Intensity Guide Curve Run Run Run Avg. Std. Avg. Std. Avg. Std. #24 #25 #26 Rating Dev. Rating Dev Rating Dev 25% Toluene+75% 10SM-1.0 m1. TEL 103.8 103.9 25% Toluene-l-75% iCg a-l-1.0 ml. TEL 104. 5 104.7 25% DHH-75% iCr-l-LO m1. TEL- 102. 8 103. 2 90% Toluene+10% iC 108. 8 108. 2 115/145 Avgas 106.3 106. 5 25% Toluene+75% iSd-2.0 ml. TEL--. 160. 4 197. 1 Operator Number. 1 1 Engine Number. 5 7 Cylinder No 165 166 Average Standard Deviation for Fuels Above 100 Octane Number 0. 290 o. 372 0. 307 Average Standard Deviation for all Fuels o. 308 0, 393 0, 32g

1 Except Constant Spark Advance of 17. 2 Standard Motor Method Ratings.

3 Dual Ignition and Modified Meter Ratings.

It will be noted that excellent reproducibility was obtained on the fuels both above and below 100 octane number for the combination of dual ignition and a 500- 2000 c.p.s. band pass iilter.

Additional runs were made to exemplify the advantages of the combination of dual ignition and a 500-2000 c.p.s. band pass filter for the Research method. All controllable variables were eliminated so that changes in results could be attributed directly to the equipment changes. This was accomplished by utilizing one engine, one operator, one meter, one Cylinder, one pickup and one set of preblended fuels.

Ratings on the test fuels in both the above and below 100 octane number ranges were obtained using the following three test lconditions:

Condition 1=Single Ignition and Standard Meter Condition 2=Dual Ignition and Modied Meter Condition 3=Single Ignition and Modified Meter A fourth condition, the combination of dual ignition and standard meter, was also considered. However, this was not a tolerable system since the increased strength of the combustion pulse with dual ignition results in unsatisfactory operating performance of the standard meter.

The above conditions were selected so that the inuence of dual ignition, the modiiied meter, and a combination of the two on rating precision could be determined. A

comparison of the data obtained using Conditions 2 and' n Rejected by Grubbs Criterion. l Phillips Calibrated Ratings.

in the engine it was rated three times in succession, once at each of the three conditions. The order of the test conditions as well as the test fuels was varied throughout the program. The test fuels were divided into two groups, those above and those below octane number. Blends representing the principal hydrocarbon types in motor fuel (parafiins, aromatics, and oleiins) were selected for each group of fuels. Each set of fuels was tested at least eight times by alternately testing the two groups.

As previously mentioned, the effect of method variables on rating precision was held to a minimum by the selection of one cylinder, one meter, one pickup, one engine, etc., for this work. To accommodate both single and dual ignition a non-standard 4-hole cylinder was employed. A diagram of the spark plug and pickup locations in this cylinder are given in FIGURE 21. Spark plug and pickup locations for single ignition were identical to those used in a standard method cylinder. The location of the second spark plug for dual ignition was selected on the basis of best operating performance using cycle-to-cycle reproducibility as a criterion.

The use of a 4-hole cylinder presented a guide curve (compression ratio versus octane number) problem since its combustion chamber configuration docs not conform with that of the standard cylinder. For test Condition 1, standard method conditions 'of single ignition and standard meter, it Was necessary to duplicate the standard method guide curve knock intensities. A guide curve for Condition 1 Was developed by duplicating the knock intensities in the cylinder of a standard method engine. This was done by measuring the voltage strengths of standard knock signals from a given pickup at different octane number levels and then duplicating them with the 4-hole cylinder. A constant knock intensity, equivalent to that of the standard method at the 85 octane number level, was used in developing guide curves for Conditions 2 and 3.

FIGURE 22 presents a plot of three guide curves developed, with curves 97, 98 and 99 representing Conditions 1, 2 and 3, respectively. It is interesting to 5 note that the dual ignition guide curve 98 requires lower compression ratios than the two single ignition guide TABLE IV.-RESEARCH METHOD REPEATABILITY DATA OBTAINED IN EVALUATION OF DUAL IGNITION AND PHILLIPS MODIFIED METER [Condition l] Single Ignition and Standard Meter Fuels Below 100 Run Number Calib. Avg. Rating Rating 1 2 4 5 (i 7 8 9 10 Standardization Fuel (74% Toluene-#10% Isooctane-I-16% N-Heptane) 99. 6 3 99.9 2 100. 0 3 100.0 3 100.0 3 99.9 3 100. O 2 99.8 3 99.7 3 99. 8 3 99.7 99.9 Light Alkylate l 92. 0 91. 8 91.6 91. 7 91.8 91. 8 91.9 91. 6 91.8 91.7 91.7 91.7 50% BIB-#42.5% N Hept.+7.5% Iso-0et.

+3.0 Inl. TEL l 93.0 93. 4 93.6 93.6 93.6 93.6 93.5 93. 5 93.7 93.6 93.6 93.6 74% Toluene-F2672; NIIepta11e 93. 4 93. 2 93. 5 93.4 93. 9 93. 7 93. 6 93. 2 93.4 93.8 93. 5 93. 5 RMFD-lll-l 98. 0 97. 6 97. 7 97.9 97. 8 97. 8 97.8 97.7 97. 7 97.7 98. 0 97. 8

Dual Ignition and Modified Meter Fuels Below 100 Run Number Calib. Avg. Rating Ratin Standardization Fuel (74% Toluene+10% r Isooctzme-I-l6% N-Heptane) 99.6 2 99.4 2 99. 3 2 99. 4 2 99.4 2 99.4 2 99.6 2 99.4 2 99. 3 3 99.2 2 99.2 99.3 Light Alkylate 3 92. 0 92. 3 92. 1 92. 4 92.3 92. 1 92. 2 92. 1 92.3 92. 1 92. 2 92. 2 50% DIB +42.5% N-Hept.+7.5% Iso-Oct.+3.0

ml. TEL 1 93.0 93.1 93.5 93. 6 93.5 93.6 93.6 93.4 93.5 93. 5 93.8 93.5 74% T01uene+26% N-Heptane 93.4 92. 6 92.8 92.8 93. 0 93.1 93.0 92.7 93.1 93.0 92.8 92.9 RMFD-lll-l 98. 0 97. 2 97. 2 97. 3 97. 4 97. 3 97. 4 97.3 97.3 97. 2 97. 4 97.3

Sing-le Ignition and Modified Meter Fuels Below 100 Run Number Calib. Avg. Rating Rating 1 2 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Standardization Fuel (74% Toluene-910% Isooctane-916% N-Heptaue) 99. 6 100. 8 2 100. 7 2 100. 8 3 100. 5 2 100. 5 2 100. 6 100. 4 2 100. 3 2 100. 4 2 100. 4 100. 5 Light Alkylaie 1 92.0 91. 0 91.7 91.8 91. 7 91. 7 91.8 91.8 91. 8 91.8 91. 8 91.8 50%1D`II3E-{42.5% N-Hept.|7.5% ISO-Oct.+3.0 l 93. 0 93. 5 93. 9 94. 0 93.9 93. 9 93. 9 93.8 93. 7 93. 8 94. 0 93. 8

74% Toluene-126% N-Heptane 93. 4 94. 0 94. 1 94. 1 94. 3 94. 4 94. 1 93. 8 93.9 94.4 94. 1 94. 1 RMFD-lll-l 98. 0 97.9 98. 0 98. 0 98. 1 98. 0 97. 9 98. 0 97. 9 97. 9 98. 0 98. 0

Single Ignition and Standard Meter Fuels Above 100 Run Number Calib. Avg. Rating Rating 1 2 3 4 6 6 7 8 Standardization Fuel (74% Toluene 20% Isooctane 6% N-Heptane) 108. 0 4 108. 0 3 108. 4 3 108. 1 3 108. 1 108.2 3 107. 9 3 107.8 3 107.7 108. 0 RMFD-112-61 104. 6 105. 3 104. 7 105. 3 105. l 105. 6 104. 9 105. 1 105. 0 105, 1 50% DIB -i- 50% Isooctane l 106. 0 106. 9 106. 4 106. 4 107. 0 107. 4 106. 0 106. 0 106. 0 106. 5 74% Toluene -l- 18% Isooctane 8% N- Heptane 106. 1 106. 3 105.9 105. 4 105. 8 106. 2 105. 8 105. 9 105. 5 105. 8 115/145 Avgas 106. 2 106. 8 106. 2 106. 4 106. 3 106. 0 106. 3 106. 4 106. 0 106. 2 74% Toluene 20% Isooctane 113. 7 114. 0 114. 3 114. 3 `114. 2 114.2 113. 4 114. 5 114. 0 114. 1

Dual Ignition and Modified Meter Fuels Above 100 Run Number Calib. Avg. Rating Rating 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Standardization Fuel (74% Toluene-920% Iso0etane+6% N-Heptane) 108. 0 2 107. 2 2 107. 2 2 107. 3 2 107. 1 2 107. 3 2 107. 1 2 107. 2 2 107. 0 107, 2 RMFD-112-61 104. 6 104. 4 103. G 104. 1 104. 2 104. 3 104. 1 104. 3 104. 3 104, 2 50% DIB |50% Isooctane l 106. 0 105. 1 104.8 104. 6 105.3 105.1 104.9 104. 6 104. 6 104. 9 74% Toluene-148% Isooctane-l-8% ane 106.1 105. 4 105.6 105.0 105.1 105.3 105.4 105.1 105.2 105.3 115/145 Avgas 106. 2 105.7 105.5 105.5 105.7 105.7 105. 8 105. 6 105. 3 105. 6 74% Toluene+20% Isoocta 113.7 112.7 112.8 112.9 112. 8 113.3 112.5 113. 2 113. 0 112. 9

See footnotes at end of table,

TABLE IV.-RESEARCH METHOD REPEATABILITY DATA OBTAINED I N EVALUATION OF DUAL IGNITION AND PHILLIPS MODIFIED METER-Contnued [Condition 3] Single Ignition and Modified Meter Fuels Above 100 Run Number Calib. Avg. Rating Rating 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Standardization Fuel (74% Toluene+20% Is50ctane+6% N-Heptaiie) 108.0 2109.0 21092 2109.6 2100.4 2109.5 2109.3 2108.9 2 108.8 109.2 RMFD-i12-6i 104. 6 106. 3 105. 7 105. 6 106. 0 106. 0 106. 0 105. 7 105. a 105. s 50%'o113+50% Isooctane 1106.0 108.0 107.8 107.6 108.5 108.7 107.0 107.3 107.2 107.9 74% Toluene-[18% Isooetane+8% N-Heptane 106.1 107.3 107.2 106.5 106,9 107.3 106.9 106.6 106.6 106.9 ii5/i45 Avgas 106. 2 106. 2 100. 5 106. 3 106. 4 106. 4 106. 5 106. 2 100.3 100` 4 74% Toluene-[20% Isooctane 113. 7 116.0 115.9 116. 0 115.6 115. s 115.2 115. 5 115.6 115. 7

1 Phillips calibrated rating. 4 Average of four ratings.

2 Average of two ratings. Average of five ratings.

3 Average of three ratings.

A comparison of the test data obtained Linder the three bracket are not considered significantly different. Any different test conditions was made on the basis of rating two variances not within the same bracket are statistically precision. Variance, the square of the standard devidifferent, This table illustrates the non-homogeneity of ation, was used as a measure of rating precision. the Variance between the fuels within a condition.

25 F nels above 100 octane number Fuels below 100 octane number I The following tables show the variance data for the The non-homogeneity of the variances between the -fuels above 100 as previously presented for the fuels befuels did not allow the choice of a condition that minilow 100.

TABLE VII.TEST FUEL VARIANCES [Condition Number-Variance] RMFD-112-61 DIB Blend 106.1 Toluene 115/145 Avgas l 113.7 Toluene mi2/es variance except by the individual treatment of the The above tabulation shows Condition 2 gives the test fuels. Table V gives the variances (ranked by magbetter rating precision for four of the five fuels, while nitude) of the data for each condition on each fuel. Condition 3 can be ranked as giving the poorest. The variance estimates are based on a minimum of ten The following tabulation again ranks the variances observations per condition and fuel. on the fuels within a test condition.

TABLE Vim-TEST FUEL VARIANCES [Ranked Within Condition] Condition 1 l Condition 2 Condition 3 115/145 iivgas 0.02553 115/145 Avgas 0.02594 115/145 Avgas 0.01451 nMFD-ii261 0. 07673 106.1 Toluene 0. 04004 113.7 Toluene 0. 07714 106.1 Toluene 0. 09459 RMFD-11261 0. 06292 RMFD-iiaei 0. 09654 113.7 Toluene 0.11007 113.7 Toluene 0.00864 106.1 Toluene 0.10728 DIB Biend 0. 20432 DIB Biend 0.07352 D113 Blend 0.37444 TABLE V.-TEST FUEL VARIANCES In the above tabulation Condition 2 (dual ignition- [Condition Numbef'varlau] modified meter combination) is the preferred condition. Light Alkyme DIB Blend 93.4 Toluene RMFD 1H 61 55 This selection is based on the fact that the fuel variances Blend within Condition 2 are more homogeneous (within one bracket) and lower variances are obtained for all fuels ,3 0.00232 #1) 0.00684 (#2) 0.03005 (#3) 0 00477 g1g 0.00355 gw) o. 02289 (#3) 0.03982 (#2) 0 00705 except the 115/1415 Avgas Even though Condition 2 (#2) 0. 01226 (#2) 0.03222 (#1) 0.05555 (#1) 0 01656 has the larger variance tor the 11S/145 Avgas, it is not 6() considered statistically different than the variances for The above data do not show any one condition to be outstanding among the fuels in the improvement of variance.

Table VI ranks the variances on the fuels within a test condition.

TABLE VI.TEST FUEL VARIANCES [Ranked Within Condition] Condition 1 Condition 2 Condition 3 (RMFD) 0. 00477 (Alkylate) 0. 00532 0. 022S0} (Toluene) 0.03982 (DIB) O. 00084 (Alkylate) 0. 00955 (RMFD) 0. 01356 (Toluene) 0. 05555 The brackets in the above data are used to show which variances are statisically different. Variances within a this fuel in Conditions l and 3.

The foregoing data indicates that the Research method octane rating for fuels having an octane number over 100 can be improved by the utilization of a detonation meter having a SOO-2000 c.p.s. bandpass filter and duel ignition. The combination also maintains present accuracy for fuels having an octane number less than 100. It was observed that dual ignition in comparison with single ignition greatly increases the strength of the combustion pulse relative to the detonation pulse as recorded by the detonation pickup. The change is: the strength relationship of the two pulses can cause diiiiculty in the operating performance of conventional meters but does not affect the operating performance of a detonation meter utilizing a filter to exclude frequencies in the 500 c.p.s. range.

The 500-2000 bandpass filter can be of any suitable design known in the art. For example, two filters can be utilized in series, one passing only frequencies below 2000 c.p.s. and the other passing only frequencies above 500 c.p.s. While the 500-2000 c.p.s. bandpass filter is presently preferred, it is Within the contemplation of the invention to utilize a bandpass filter where the low frequency cutoff is in the range of 200-500 c.p.s. and the high frequency cutoff is in the range of 2000-4000 c.p.s. or higher.

Reasonable variation and modification are possible within the scope of the foregoing disclosure, the drawing and the appended claims to the invention.

I claim:

1. In a detonation measuring system comprising means for converting pressure variations in an engine cylinder into electrical current comprising voltage components representative of unwanted vibrations, voltage components representative of the main pressure variations in the cylinder, and voltage waves representative detonation, each voltage wave having an amplitude proportional to the peak intensity of a detonation in the cylinder, a filter, a threshold circuit for eliminating voltages of less than a predetermined amplitude whereby the output of said threshold circuit comprises a series of pulses, means for connecting the output of said means for converting through said filter to an input of said threshold circuit, and means responsive to said series of pulses for producing an output signal representative of the average peak detonation intensity; the improvement comprising means for producing dual ignition at two spaced points in said cylinder and wherein said filter is a bandpass filter which substantially blocks frequencies outside the range of 200n 4000 c.p.s.

2. A detonation measuring system comprising an internal combustion engine having a cylinder therein, first and second means for substantially simultaneously iguiting a combustible material at Vtwo spaced points in said cylinder, means for converting pressure variations in said cylinder into electrical current comprising voltage components representative of unwanted vibrations, voltage components representative of the main pressure variations in the cylinder, and voltage waves representative of detonation, each voltage wavehaving amplitude proportional to the peak intensity of a detonation in the cylinder, a 500-2000 c.p.s bandpass filter, a threshold circuit for eliminating voltages of less than a predetermined amplitude whereby the output of said threshold circuit comprises a series of pulses, means for connecting the output of said means for converting through said filter to an input of said threshold circuit, and means responsive to said series of pulses for producing an output signal representative of the average peak detonation intensity. l

3. A detonation measuring system comprising an internal combustion engine having a cylinder therein, first and second means for substantially simultaneously igniting a combustible material at two spaced points in said cylinder, means for converting pressure variations in said cylinder into electrical current comprising voltage components representative of unwanted vibrations, voltage components representative of the main pressure variations in the cylinder, and voltage waves representative of detonation, each voltage wave having an amplitude proportional to the peak intensity of a detonation in the cylinder; a bandpass filter having a low frequency cutoff in the range of about 200 to about 500 c.p.s. and a high frequency cutoff in the range of about 2000 to about 4000 c.p.s.; means for connecting the output of said means for converting to an input of said filter; a threshold circuit connected to the output of said filter for eliminating voltages of less than a predetermined amplitude from the output signal of said filter whereby the output of said threshold circuit comprises a series of pulses; first pulsing circuit for producing spaced exponential pulses each having an amplitude proportional to a respective one of said series of pulses; a second pulsing circuit for producing overlapping pulses each having an amplitude proportional to a respective one of said spaced exponential pulses; means for integr-ating said overlaping pulses to produce an output signal representative of detonations occurring in the cylinder.

References Cited by the Examiner UNITED STATES PATENTS 2,340,714 2/ 1944 Traver et al. 73-35 2,518,427 8/ 1950 Lindberg et al 73-35 X 2,622,441 12/ 1952 Richardson et al. 73-35 X 2,789,269 4/1957 De Boisblanc 73-35 X 2,867,766 1/1959 Broder et al. 73-35 X OTHER REFERENCES An article from Groupement Recherches Aeronautiques, Note Technique No. 27, by R. Vichniwsky, 94 pages, page 18.

RICHARD C. QUEISSER, Primary Examiner.

J. I. GILL, Assistant Examiner. 

1. IN A DETONATION MEASURING SYSTEM COMPRISING MEANS FOR CONVERTING PRESSURE VARIATIONS IN AN ENGINE CYLINDER INTO ELECTRICAL CURRENT COMPRISING VOLTAGE COMPONENTS REPRESENTATIVE OF UNWANTED VIBRATIONS, VOLTAGE COMPONENTS REPRESENTATIVE OF THE MAIN PRESSURE VARIATIONS IN THE CYLINDER, AND VOLTAGE WAVES REPRESENTATIVE DETONATION, EACH VOLTAGE WAVE HAVING AN AMPLITUDE PROPORTIONAL TO THE PEAK INTENSITY OF A DETONATION IN THE CYLINDDR, A FILTER, A THRESHOLD CIRCUIT FOR ELIMINATING VOLTAGES OF LESS THAN A PREDETERMINED AMPLITUDE WHEREBY THE OUTPUT OF SAID THRESHOLD CIRCUIT COMPRISES A SERIES OF PULSES,. MEANS FOR CONNECTING THE OUTPUT OF SAID MEANS FOR CONVERTING THROUGH SAID FILTER TO AN INPUT OF SAID THRESHOLD CIRCUIT, AND MEANS RESPONSIVE TO SAID SERIES OF PULSES FOR PRODUCING AN OUTPUT SIGNAL REPRESENTATIVE OF THE AVERAGE PEAK DETONATION INTENSITY; THE IMPROVEMENT COMPRISING MEANS FOR PRODUCING DUAL IGNITION AT TWO SPACED POINTS IN SAID CYLINDER AND WHEREIN SAID FILTER IS A BANDPASS FILTER WHICH SUBSTANTIALLY BLOCKS FREQUENCIES OUTSIDE THE RANGE OF 2004000 C.P.S. 